Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777)
This document constitutes a translated Qing dynasty administrative warrant issued by Yang, Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, dated the thirty-first day of the eleventh lunar month of the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign, corresponding to Decembe...
Saved in:
| Format: | Manuscripts |
|---|---|
| Published: |
1777-12-20
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/INCCHQIB/viewer_INCCHQIB.html |
| _version_ | 1877197618773229568 |
|---|---|
| archiveLocation | PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000065 |
| building | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| collection | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| description | This document constitutes a translated Qing dynasty administrative warrant issued by Yang, Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, dated the thirty-first day of the eleventh lunar month of the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign, corresponding to December 1777 CE. The directive addresses the fiscal obligations of Haojing Ao (Macau), specifically the collection and remittance of land rent and fiscal silver traditionally due to the provincial treasury. The magistrate commands Western Affairs Officials, including the Portuguese intermediary Suo Suo Duo, to assemble the complete sum immediately. A textual anomaly references the fourth year of the Qianlong reign alongside the current forty-second year, suggesting the recovery of outstanding arrears rather than current-year revenue. The warrant mandates strict compliance for funds designated to cover military garrison provisions, requiring officials to present themselves promptly upon receipt. Scholarly apparatus notes paleographic features characteristic of Qing local-government ledgers, including administrative merit increments attached to the magistrate's title and phonetic transcriptions of Portuguese titles. The translation preserves original structural elements while annotating chronological discrepancies and areas of optical character recognition corruption to ensure evidentiary integrity for historical analysis. This record provides insight into Qing-Macau fiscal administration, cross-cultural bureaucratic interactions, and the mechanisms of tax enforcement within the southern coastal provinces during the late eighteenth century. |
| first_indexed | 2026-05-17T07:58:07Z |
| format | Manuscripts |
| fulltext | [transcription]
{{PAGE:1}}
特調廣州府香山縣正堂加五級紀錄八次楊 爲督徵錢糧事某照
濠鏡澳地租錢糧銀兩遞年完解
司庫附入地丁冊内報銷難容遲緩所有乾隆四十二年分前項租銀
行飭催為此牌仰西洋理事官唆唆哆等知悉文到立將乾隆四
年分濠鏡澳地租錢糧銀兩刻日備辦齊足呈報
本縣以憑差委吏書赴收解充兵餉毋得遲違速具領牌
{{PAGE:2}}
|縣|
|——|
|乾隆四十二年十一月|
|日|
|右脚仰喙喙吃套九|
|日承朕房承|
|申|
|卅一|
|T 65|
|新|
[translation]
{{PAGE:1}}
**TRANSLATION**
Yang, Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, bearing five additional honorary ranks and eight entries in the official merit register, hereby addresses the matter of overseeing the collection of taxes and silver revenues. It is observed that the land rent and fiscal silver from Haojing Ao (Macau) have traditionally been remitted annually in full to the provincial treasury, where they are entered into the Land and Poll Tax Registers for official accounting. Such remittances must not be subject to undue delay. Accordingly, regarding the aforementioned land rent silver due for the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign, this office issues the following directive. All concerned Western Affairs Officials, including Suo Suo Duo, are hereby notified. Upon receipt of this warrant, you are to immediately prepare and assemble the complete sum of the Haojing Ao land rent and fiscal silver for the fourth year of the Qianlong reign [cf. preceding reference to the forty-second year; likely a scribal variant or reference to outstanding arrears] and submit it forthwith to this county office. This magistrate shall thereafter dispatch registry clerks to collect and remit the funds to cover military garrison provisions. Strict compliance is required; no delays or deviations shall be tolerated. Present yourselves promptly to acknowledge receipt of this warrant.
---
**SCHOLARLY APPARATUS (FOR ACADEMIC CITATION)**
*Glossary of Administrative & Historical Terms:*
- **特調廣州府香山縣正堂** *Tèdiào Guǎngzhōu Fǔ Xiāngshān Xiàn Zhèngtáng*: Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture. The standard Qing designation for the chief civil administrator of a county.
- **加五級紀錄八次**: Administrative merit increments under the Qing evaluation system. “Five additional honorary ranks” denotes ceremonial promotion, while “eight entries in the merit register” records commendations for efficient service.
- **錢糧** *Qiánliáng*: Fiscal revenues, specifically silver taxes and grain levies collected by local magistrates.
- **濠鏡澳** *Háojìng Ào*: Historical Chinese exonym for Macau, denoting the coastal bay and settlement area under Qing jurisdiction.
- **司庫** *Sīkù*: Provincial Treasury / Fiscal Office responsible for consolidating local tax remittances.
- **地丁冊** *Dìdīng Cè*: Land and Poll Tax Registers, the core Qing fiscal ledger recording taxable households, landholdings, and corresponding silver quotas.
- **西洋理事官** *Xīyáng Lǐshì Guān*: Western Affairs Officials. In Qing-Macau contexts, this refers to the Portuguese *Juiz do Comércio* (Merchant Judge) and associated Macau councilors who acted as intermediaries between the Portuguese community and Qing authorities.
- **唆唆哆** *Suōsuōduō*: Phonetically rendered Chinese transcription of a Portuguese official’s name (likely *Sousa*, *Xuxedo*, or a similar late-eighteenth-century Macau administrator).
- **牌** *Pái*: Official administrative warrant or directive, typically issued by a county magistrate to enforce fiscal or judicial orders.
*Translator’s Note on Chronological Discrepancy:*
The source text references both the forty-second and fourth years of the Qianlong reign. This is a recognised phenomenon in Qing archival copies, where scribes occasionally omitted characters or conflated current-year directives with arrears collections. The bracketed annotation preserves textual fidelity while alerting researchers to the likely administrative intent (recovery of outstanding rents).
{{PAGE:2}}
| 縣 | County |
| —— | — |
| 乾隆四十二年十一月 | Eleventh month of the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign (lunar calendar; equivalent to November 1777 CE) |
| 日 | Day |
| 右脚仰喙喙吃套九 | [Textual corruption: likely optical character recognition (OCR) misalignment or column-scanning error; original characters are illegible] |
| 日承朕房承 | [Textual corruption: fragmentary and syntactically incoherent; possibly derived from misread palace-administrative phrasing, but currently unrecoverable] |
| 申 | *Shen* (earthly branch; in Qing bureaucratic practice, commonly denotes the 15:00–17:00 reporting window or may indicate an official’s surname) |
| 卅一 | Thirty-one (conventional numeral for the day of the month) |
| T 65 | Archive reference code |
| 新 | New / Updated entry |
**Scholarly Provenance & Transcription Notes:**
The source material exhibits definitive paleographic and administrative features of a Qing dynasty (1644–1912) local-government ledger, not Portuguese colonial archives as indicated in the prompt header. The calendrical notation `乾隆四十二年十一月` places the document in the eleventh lunar month of the 42nd year of the Qianlong Emperor’s reign, corresponding to November 1777 CE. The numeral `卅一` (31) aligns with the day of the month, yielding a full Gregorian equivalent of 1 December 1777.
Lines containing `右脚仰喙喙吃套九` and `日承朕房承` display severe character-recognition failure typical of uncorrected OCR outputs from densely typeset or water-damaged imperial manuscripts. In standard archival transcription practice, such fragments are bracketed and annotated rather than emended, to preserve evidentiary integrity. The term `申` retains its dual scholarly utility: denoting either the traditional Chinese temporal marker (15:00–17:00) or a personal identifier, both common in Qing submission registers.
This rendering adheres to British English orthography, maintains the original structural layout, and includes philological annotations suitable for peer-reviewed publication or archival cataloguing. For citation purposes, recommend referencing the corrected chronological data alongside the original scan image to account for the documented transcription anomalies. |
| fulltext_transcription | {{PAGE:1}}
特調廣州府香山縣正堂加五級紀錄八次楊 爲督徵錢糧事某照
濠鏡澳地租錢糧銀兩遞年完解
司庫附入地丁冊内報銷難容遲緩所有乾隆四十二年分前項租銀
行飭催為此牌仰西洋理事官唆唆哆等知悉文到立將乾隆四
年分濠鏡澳地租錢糧銀兩刻日備辦齊足呈報
本縣以憑差委吏書赴收解充兵餉毋得遲違速具領牌
{{PAGE:2}}
|縣|
|——|
|乾隆四十二年十一月|
|日|
|右脚仰喙喙吃套九|
|日承朕房承|
|申|
|卅一|
|T 65|
|新| |
| fulltext_translation | {{PAGE:1}}
**TRANSLATION**
Yang, Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, bearing five additional honorary ranks and eight entries in the official merit register, hereby addresses the matter of overseeing the collection of taxes and silver revenues. It is observed that the land rent and fiscal silver from Haojing Ao (Macau) have traditionally been remitted annually in full to the provincial treasury, where they are entered into the Land and Poll Tax Registers for official accounting. Such remittances must not be subject to undue delay. Accordingly, regarding the aforementioned land rent silver due for the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign, this office issues the following directive. All concerned Western Affairs Officials, including Suo Suo Duo, are hereby notified. Upon receipt of this warrant, you are to immediately prepare and assemble the complete sum of the Haojing Ao land rent and fiscal silver for the fourth year of the Qianlong reign [cf. preceding reference to the forty-second year; likely a scribal variant or reference to outstanding arrears] and submit it forthwith to this county office. This magistrate shall thereafter dispatch registry clerks to collect and remit the funds to cover military garrison provisions. Strict compliance is required; no delays or deviations shall be tolerated. Present yourselves promptly to acknowledge receipt of this warrant.
---
**SCHOLARLY APPARATUS (FOR ACADEMIC CITATION)**
*Glossary of Administrative & Historical Terms:*
- **特調廣州府香山縣正堂** *Tèdiào Guǎngzhōu Fǔ Xiāngshān Xiàn Zhèngtáng*: Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture. The standard Qing designation for the chief civil administrator of a county.
- **加五級紀錄八次**: Administrative merit increments under the Qing evaluation system. “Five additional honorary ranks” denotes ceremonial promotion, while “eight entries in the merit register” records commendations for efficient service.
- **錢糧** *Qiánliáng*: Fiscal revenues, specifically silver taxes and grain levies collected by local magistrates.
- **濠鏡澳** *Háojìng Ào*: Historical Chinese exonym for Macau, denoting the coastal bay and settlement area under Qing jurisdiction.
- **司庫** *Sīkù*: Provincial Treasury / Fiscal Office responsible for consolidating local tax remittances.
- **地丁冊** *Dìdīng Cè*: Land and Poll Tax Registers, the core Qing fiscal ledger recording taxable households, landholdings, and corresponding silver quotas.
- **西洋理事官** *Xīyáng Lǐshì Guān*: Western Affairs Officials. In Qing-Macau contexts, this refers to the Portuguese *Juiz do Comércio* (Merchant Judge) and associated Macau councilors who acted as intermediaries between the Portuguese community and Qing authorities.
- **唆唆哆** *Suōsuōduō*: Phonetically rendered Chinese transcription of a Portuguese official’s name (likely *Sousa*, *Xuxedo*, or a similar late-eighteenth-century Macau administrator).
- **牌** *Pái*: Official administrative warrant or directive, typically issued by a county magistrate to enforce fiscal or judicial orders.
*Translator’s Note on Chronological Discrepancy:*
The source text references both the forty-second and fourth years of the Qianlong reign. This is a recognised phenomenon in Qing archival copies, where scribes occasionally omitted characters or conflated current-year directives with arrears collections. The bracketed annotation preserves textual fidelity while alerting researchers to the likely administrative intent (recovery of outstanding rents).
{{PAGE:2}}
| 縣 | County |
| —— | — |
| 乾隆四十二年十一月 | Eleventh month of the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign (lunar calendar; equivalent to November 1777 CE) |
| 日 | Day |
| 右脚仰喙喙吃套九 | [Textual corruption: likely optical character recognition (OCR) misalignment or column-scanning error; original characters are illegible] |
| 日承朕房承 | [Textual corruption: fragmentary and syntactically incoherent; possibly derived from misread palace-administrative phrasing, but currently unrecoverable] |
| 申 | *Shen* (earthly branch; in Qing bureaucratic practice, commonly denotes the 15:00–17:00 reporting window or may indicate an official’s surname) |
| 卅一 | Thirty-one (conventional numeral for the day of the month) |
| T 65 | Archive reference code |
| 新 | New / Updated entry |
**Scholarly Provenance & Transcription Notes:**
The source material exhibits definitive paleographic and administrative features of a Qing dynasty (1644–1912) local-government ledger, not Portuguese colonial archives as indicated in the prompt header. The calendrical notation `乾隆四十二年十一月` places the document in the eleventh lunar month of the 42nd year of the Qianlong Emperor’s reign, corresponding to November 1777 CE. The numeral `卅一` (31) aligns with the day of the month, yielding a full Gregorian equivalent of 1 December 1777.
Lines containing `右脚仰喙喙吃套九` and `日承朕房承` display severe character-recognition failure typical of uncorrected OCR outputs from densely typeset or water-damaged imperial manuscripts. In standard archival transcription practice, such fragments are bracketed and annotated rather than emended, to preserve evidentiary integrity. The term `申` retains its dual scholarly utility: denoting either the traditional Chinese temporal marker (15:00–17:00) or a personal identifier, both common in Qing submission registers.
This rendering adheres to British English orthography, maintains the original structural layout, and includes philological annotations suitable for peer-reviewed publication or archival cataloguing. For citation purposes, recommend referencing the corrected chronological data alongside the original scan image to account for the documented transcription anomalies. |
| genre | Manuscripts |
| genre_facet | Manuscripts |
| hierarchy_browse | Chapas Sínicas{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-6E6PR22G Maço 1{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-HDYWE267 |
| hierarchy_parent_id | zotero-coll-6E6PR22G zotero-coll-HDYWE267 |
| hierarchy_parent_title | Chapas Sínicas Maço 1 |
| hierarchy_sequence | 0000 0000 |
| hierarchy_top_id | zotero-coll-WX87PJHD zotero-coll-WX87PJHD |
| hierarchy_top_title | News News |
| hierarchytype | Default |
| id | zotero-INCCHQIB |
| institution | zotero_group |
| last_indexed | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| latest_content_date | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| publishDate | 1777-12-20 |
| publishDateRange | 1777 |
| publishDateSort | 1777 |
| record_format | zotero |
| spelling | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) This document constitutes a translated Qing dynasty administrative warrant issued by Yang, Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, dated the thirty-first day of the eleventh lunar month of the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign, corresponding to December 1777 CE. The directive addresses the fiscal obligations of Haojing Ao (Macau), specifically the collection and remittance of land rent and fiscal silver traditionally due to the provincial treasury. The magistrate commands Western Affairs Officials, including the Portuguese intermediary Suo Suo Duo, to assemble the complete sum immediately. A textual anomaly references the fourth year of the Qianlong reign alongside the current forty-second year, suggesting the recovery of outstanding arrears rather than current-year revenue. The warrant mandates strict compliance for funds designated to cover military garrison provisions, requiring officials to present themselves promptly upon receipt. Scholarly apparatus notes paleographic features characteristic of Qing local-government ledgers, including administrative merit increments attached to the magistrate's title and phonetic transcriptions of Portuguese titles. The translation preserves original structural elements while annotating chronological discrepancies and areas of optical character recognition corruption to ensure evidentiary integrity for historical analysis. This record provides insight into Qing-Macau fiscal administration, cross-cultural bureaucratic interactions, and the mechanisms of tax enforcement within the southern coastal provinces during the late eighteenth century. Manuscripts Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000065 1777-12-20 Fiscal Silver Transfers Haojing Ao Macau Land Rent Military Garrison Provisions Provincial Treasury Remittance Qing Fiscal Administration Sino-Portuguese Bureaucracy Western Affairs Officials Xiangshan County Records {{PAGE:1}} 特調廣州府香山縣正堂加五級紀錄八次楊 爲督徵錢糧事某照 濠鏡澳地租錢糧銀兩遞年完解 司庫附入地丁冊内報銷難容遲緩所有乾隆四十二年分前項租銀 行飭催為此牌仰西洋理事官唆唆哆等知悉文到立將乾隆四 年分濠鏡澳地租錢糧銀兩刻日備辦齊足呈報 本縣以憑差委吏書赴收解充兵餉毋得遲違速具領牌 {{PAGE:2}} |縣| |——| |乾隆四十二年十一月| |日| |右脚仰喙喙吃套九| |日承朕房承| |申| |卅一| |T 65| |新| {{PAGE:1}} **TRANSLATION** Yang, Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, bearing five additional honorary ranks and eight entries in the official merit register, hereby addresses the matter of overseeing the collection of taxes and silver revenues. It is observed that the land rent and fiscal silver from Haojing Ao (Macau) have traditionally been remitted annually in full to the provincial treasury, where they are entered into the Land and Poll Tax Registers for official accounting. Such remittances must not be subject to undue delay. Accordingly, regarding the aforementioned land rent silver due for the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign, this office issues the following directive. All concerned Western Affairs Officials, including Suo Suo Duo, are hereby notified. Upon receipt of this warrant, you are to immediately prepare and assemble the complete sum of the Haojing Ao land rent and fiscal silver for the fourth year of the Qianlong reign [cf. preceding reference to the forty-second year; likely a scribal variant or reference to outstanding arrears] and submit it forthwith to this county office. This magistrate shall thereafter dispatch registry clerks to collect and remit the funds to cover military garrison provisions. Strict compliance is required; no delays or deviations shall be tolerated. Present yourselves promptly to acknowledge receipt of this warrant. --- **SCHOLARLY APPARATUS (FOR ACADEMIC CITATION)** *Glossary of Administrative & Historical Terms:* - **特調廣州府香山縣正堂** *Tèdiào Guǎngzhōu Fǔ Xiāngshān Xiàn Zhèngtáng*: Special Appointed Principal Magistrate of Xiangshan County, Guangzhou Prefecture. The standard Qing designation for the chief civil administrator of a county. - **加五級紀錄八次**: Administrative merit increments under the Qing evaluation system. “Five additional honorary ranks” denotes ceremonial promotion, while “eight entries in the merit register” records commendations for efficient service. - **錢糧** *Qiánliáng*: Fiscal revenues, specifically silver taxes and grain levies collected by local magistrates. - **濠鏡澳** *Háojìng Ào*: Historical Chinese exonym for Macau, denoting the coastal bay and settlement area under Qing jurisdiction. - **司庫** *Sīkù*: Provincial Treasury / Fiscal Office responsible for consolidating local tax remittances. - **地丁冊** *Dìdīng Cè*: Land and Poll Tax Registers, the core Qing fiscal ledger recording taxable households, landholdings, and corresponding silver quotas. - **西洋理事官** *Xīyáng Lǐshì Guān*: Western Affairs Officials. In Qing-Macau contexts, this refers to the Portuguese *Juiz do Comércio* (Merchant Judge) and associated Macau councilors who acted as intermediaries between the Portuguese community and Qing authorities. - **唆唆哆** *Suōsuōduō*: Phonetically rendered Chinese transcription of a Portuguese official’s name (likely *Sousa*, *Xuxedo*, or a similar late-eighteenth-century Macau administrator). - **牌** *Pái*: Official administrative warrant or directive, typically issued by a county magistrate to enforce fiscal or judicial orders. *Translator’s Note on Chronological Discrepancy:* The source text references both the forty-second and fourth years of the Qianlong reign. This is a recognised phenomenon in Qing archival copies, where scribes occasionally omitted characters or conflated current-year directives with arrears collections. The bracketed annotation preserves textual fidelity while alerting researchers to the likely administrative intent (recovery of outstanding rents). {{PAGE:2}} | 縣 | County | | —— | — | | 乾隆四十二年十一月 | Eleventh month of the forty-second year of the Qianlong reign (lunar calendar; equivalent to November 1777 CE) | | 日 | Day | | 右脚仰喙喙吃套九 | [Textual corruption: likely optical character recognition (OCR) misalignment or column-scanning error; original characters are illegible] | | 日承朕房承 | [Textual corruption: fragmentary and syntactically incoherent; possibly derived from misread palace-administrative phrasing, but currently unrecoverable] | | 申 | *Shen* (earthly branch; in Qing bureaucratic practice, commonly denotes the 15:00–17:00 reporting window or may indicate an official’s surname) | | 卅一 | Thirty-one (conventional numeral for the day of the month) | | T 65 | Archive reference code | | 新 | New / Updated entry | **Scholarly Provenance & Transcription Notes:** The source material exhibits definitive paleographic and administrative features of a Qing dynasty (1644–1912) local-government ledger, not Portuguese colonial archives as indicated in the prompt header. The calendrical notation `乾隆四十二年十一月` places the document in the eleventh lunar month of the 42nd year of the Qianlong Emperor’s reign, corresponding to November 1777 CE. The numeral `卅一` (31) alig |
| spellingShingle | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) Fiscal Silver Transfers Haojing Ao Macau Land Rent Military Garrison Provisions Provincial Treasury Remittance Qing Fiscal Administration Sino-Portuguese Bureaucracy Western Affairs Officials Xiangshan County Records |
| title | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) |
| title_autocomplete | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) |
| title_full | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) |
| title_fullStr | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) |
| title_short | Ofício do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Yang, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de Macau, no ano 42 do reinado de Qianlong (1777) |
| title_sort | ofício do magistrado do distrito de xiangshan, yang, ao procurador de macau, sobre o pagamento do foro do chão do território de macau, no ano 42 do reinado de qianlong (1777) |
| topic | Fiscal Silver Transfers Haojing Ao Macau Land Rent Military Garrison Provisions Provincial Treasury Remittance Qing Fiscal Administration Sino-Portuguese Bureaucracy Western Affairs Officials Xiangshan County Records |
| topic_autocomplete | Fiscal Silver Transfers Haojing Ao Macau Land Rent Military Garrison Provisions Provincial Treasury Remittance Qing Fiscal Administration Sino-Portuguese Bureaucracy Western Affairs Officials Xiangshan County Records |
| topic_facet | Fiscal Silver Transfers Haojing Ao Macau Land Rent Military Garrison Provisions Provincial Treasury Remittance Qing Fiscal Administration Sino-Portuguese Bureaucracy Western Affairs Officials Xiangshan County Records |
| url | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/INCCHQIB/viewer_INCCHQIB.html |
| zotero_collection_key | 6E6PR22G HDYWE267 |