Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795
Pinqua’s example is one of the few we have of an outside merchant working for many years as a successful porcelain dealer and then becoming a Hong merchant. At the time of his appointment in 1782, Pinqua had thirty-five years of experience dealing with foreigners and had earned a good reputation as...
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| Published in: | Review of Culture |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Articles |
| Published: |
Instituto Cultural de Macau
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/40062/3943 |
| _version_ | 1877196269744553984 |
|---|---|
| author | Paul a. Van Dyke |
| author_autocomplete | Paul a. Van Dyke |
| author_browse | Paul a. Van Dyke |
| author_facet | Paul a. Van Dyke Paul a. Van Dyke |
| author_sort | Paul a. Van Dyke |
| container_title | Review of Culture |
| container_title_str | Review of Culture |
| container_volume | 62 |
| container_volume_str | 62 |
| description | Pinqua’s example is one of the few we have of an outside merchant working for many years as a successful porcelain dealer and then becoming a Hong merchant. At the time of his appointment in 1782, Pinqua had thirty-five years of experience dealing with foreigners and had earned a good reputation as a dependable and trustworthy merchant. However, despite that past experience, it proved to be insufficient to overcome the challenges he faced as a Hong merchant. Not only did that new position require him to trade in a much wider variety of goods, but Pinqua also had to assume the debts of failed men, which meant he needed to trade in much larger volumes in order to generate enough income to service those payments. As a Hong merchant, he was called upon by Chinese officials — including the emperor — to supplement administrative budgets when they failed to meet the needs at hand. Even though Pinqua was said to be ‘rich’ when he began his appointment, within five years he was having serious cash flow problems. Pinqua’s demise is testimony to the negative influences that surrounded the Hong merchants and led to most of their businesses ending in failure. |
| first_indexed | 2026-09-11T02:57:01Z |
| format | Articles |
| genre | Articles |
| genre_facet | Articles |
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| issn | 1682-1106 |
| last_indexed | 2026-09-11T02:57:01Z |
| latest_content_date | 2026-09-11T02:57:01Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateRange | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publishPlace | Macau |
| publisher | Instituto Cultural de Macau |
| publisherStr | Instituto Cultural de Macau |
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| spelling | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 Pinqua’s example is one of the few we have of an outside merchant working for many years as a successful porcelain dealer and then becoming a Hong merchant. At the time of his appointment in 1782, Pinqua had thirty-five years of experience dealing with foreigners and had earned a good reputation as a dependable and trustworthy merchant. However, despite that past experience, it proved to be insufficient to overcome the challenges he faced as a Hong merchant. Not only did that new position require him to trade in a much wider variety of goods, but Pinqua also had to assume the debts of failed men, which meant he needed to trade in much larger volumes in order to generate enough income to service those payments. As a Hong merchant, he was called upon by Chinese officials — including the emperor — to supplement administrative budgets when they failed to meet the needs at hand. Even though Pinqua was said to be ‘rich’ when he began his appointment, within five years he was having serious cash flow problems. Pinqua’s demise is testimony to the negative influences that surrounded the Hong merchants and led to most of their businesses ending in failure. Instituto Cultural de Macau Macau Review of Culture Articles 2020 Canton trade Hong merchant Hoppo Macao trade Porcelain Silk Tea Tin. Paul a. Van Dyke |
| spellingShingle | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 Paul a. Van Dyke Canton trade Hong merchant Hoppo Macao trade Porcelain Silk Tea Tin. |
| title | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 |
| title_autocomplete | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 |
| title_full | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 |
| title_fullStr | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 |
| title_short | Yang Pinqua 楊丙觀: Merchant of Canton and Macao 1747—1795 |
| title_sort | yang pinqua 楊丙觀: merchant of canton and macao 1747—1795 |
| topic | Canton trade Hong merchant Hoppo Macao trade Porcelain Silk Tea Tin. |
| topic_autocomplete | Canton trade Hong merchant Hoppo Macao trade Porcelain Silk Tea Tin. |
| topic_facet | Canton trade Hong merchant Hoppo Macao trade Porcelain Silk Tea Tin. |
| url | https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/40062/3943 |
| zotero_collection_key | 76L3BRGH |