Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa
This archival document is an official Qing dynasty directive issued on the twenty-fourth day of the intercalary fourth month of the nineteenth year of the Qianlong reign (1754) by the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs, concurrently overseeing customs enforcement in...
Saved in:
| Format: | Manuscripts |
|---|---|
| Published: |
1754-06-19
|
| Subjects: |
Cantonese Smuggling Collusion
;
Dongguan Customs Enforcement
;
Foreign Headmen Regulation
;
Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture
;
Jiāsīduō
;
Macau Trade Supervision
;
Qianlong Reign Directive
;
Qing Dynasty Coastal Governance
;
Shunde Oversight
;
Shízì Mén Smuggling
;
Xiangshan Oversight
;
Manuscripts
|
| Online Access: | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/S6PKFX37/viewer_S6PKFX37.html |
| _version_ | 1877197619477872640 |
|---|---|
| archiveLocation | PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000014 |
| building | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| collection | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| description | This archival document is an official Qing dynasty directive issued on the twenty-fourth day of the intercalary fourth month of the nineteenth year of the Qianlong reign (1754) by the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs, concurrently overseeing customs enforcement in Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan, and Zhongshan counties. Addressed to Magistrate Wei and formally transmitted to foreign headmen (*Yí mù*), including Jiāsīduō, the directive responds to recurrent smuggling activities involving Cantonese subjects colluding with foreign merchants at Shízì Mén (‘Cross Gate’)—a designated outer anchorage near Macau—where light, high-value goods were illicitly transported via fishing boats to evade customs duties. The text outlines administrative concerns regarding enforcement failures, reaffirms prior prohibitions recorded in official archives, and mandates immediate, rigorous surveillance and interdiction across the prefecture’s jurisdiction. It specifies that any Cantonese subject found conspiring with or inciting foreigners to smuggle dutiable commodities shall be summarily apprehended and prosecuted, and warns foreign headmen that collusion, inducement, or facilitation of such smuggling will result in immediate arrest and judicial investigation. Marginalia indicate a same-day compliance deadline and a return receipt date of the twenty-ninth day. As a primary source, the document illuminates Qing coastal governance, Sino-foreign commercial regulation, and the institutional role of *Yí mù* intermediaries in mid-eighteenth-century Pearl River Delta trade. |
| first_indexed | 2026-05-17T07:57:07Z |
| format | Manuscripts |
| fulltext | [transcription]
{{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
T14
[Archival mark]
T14
J454
[Stamp — top right]
[Red ink stamp: 登丙號訖]
[Heading]
特授廣州海防軍民府兼督番東順香四縣捕務紀錄四次魏
為飭行事 乾隆十九年閏四月二十四日奉
[Main text]
兩廣總督部院鶴 憲牌照得外洋夷船未到奧門之先灣泊十字門地方每有狡猾之粵夷教唆
引誘僱覓漁船將細軟貨物私運進口寄頓冀圖漏稅分肥節經出示嚴禁幷檄飭遵照在案
今值夷船將次進口之時誠恐不法夷人復萌故智除出示申禁外合再飭行備牌仰府照依事
理即便一体查禁倘粵夷敢有串通引誘走私漏稅立即嚴拿解究毋得狥縱等因奉此擬合就
行為此牌仰該夷目唊噝哆等卽遵
通同引誘走私漏稅定即嚴拿解究毋得教唆引誘外夷將細軟貨物私運進口倘敢
[Signature]
右牌仰夷目唊噝哆等准此
[Seal — left side, red ink]
[Square seal with Chinese characters, partially legible: 廣州海防軍民府印]
[Marginalia — left margin, vertical]
限
即
日繳
[Marginalia — center left, red ink]
廿九
日
[Marginalia — top center, handwritten]
T14
[Marginalia — top right, handwritten]
T14
[Stamp — center right, red ink]
[Small circular seal, illegible]
[translation]
{{PAGE:1}}
**Archival Reference:** T14
**Series Identifier:** J454
**Official Seal (top right, in red ink):**
*Registered under Serial Number *Dēng Bǐng Hào* — Completed*
**Document Title (heading):**
*Imperial Commission to the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs, concurrently overseeing customs enforcement in Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan, and Zhongshan counties; Fourth Record of Duties — Magistrate Wei*
*Directive Issued on the Twenty-Fourth Day of the Intercalary Fourth Month of the Nineteenth Year of the Qianlong Reign (1754)*
**Main Text:**
By order of the Viceroy of Liangguang (Guangdong and Guangxi), His Excellency He Xian, it has been ascertained that foreign vessels arriving from overseas frequently anchor at Shizi Men (*Shízì Mén*, ‘Cross Gate’)—a designated anchorage outside Macau—prior to proceeding to Macau itself. At such times, certain unscrupulous local Cantonese subjects have habitually colluded with foreign merchants, instructing and facilitating the illicit use of fishing boats to smuggle light, high-value goods into the port surreptitiously. These goods are then concealed in private warehouses, with the aim of evading customs duties and sharing in the illicit profits.
Such practices have repeatedly been prohibited by official proclamation, and formal instructions to this effect have been issued to all relevant authorities and duly recorded in the administrative archives.
Given that foreign vessels are now expected to enter port imminently, there is grave concern that these unlawful practices may recur. In addition to reissuing public prohibitions, this directive is hereby issued to reinforce enforcement measures. You are accordingly instructed to implement rigorous surveillance and interdiction throughout your jurisdiction without delay. Should any Cantonese subject be found conspiring with or inciting foreigners to smuggle dutiable goods—particularly light, portable commodities—such persons shall be apprehended summarily and brought before the appropriate judicial authorities for prosecution. No leniency or concealment shall be tolerated.
This directive is therefore formally addressed to the foreign headmen (*Yí mù*), including *Jiāsīduō* and others named herein, commanding strict compliance. Any instance of collusion, inducement, or facilitation of smuggling—especially the clandestine importation of fine or valuable goods—shall result in immediate arrest and judicial investigation.
**Signature:**
*This directive is hereby transmitted to the foreign headmen Jiāsīduō et al. for immediate execution.*
**Official Seal (left side, in red ink):**
*Seal of the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs*
**Marginalia:**
- *Left margin (vertical, black ink):* **Deadline for compliance: same day**
- *Centre-left margin (in red ink):* **29th day** *(indicating date of return receipt or enforcement deadline)*
- *Top centre (handwritten, black ink):* **T14**
- *Top right (handwritten, black ink):* **T14**
- *Centre-right (small circular seal, in red ink):** *[illegible]*
---
*Note on terminology:*
- *Shízì Mén* (‘Cross Gate’) refers to the strategic maritime passage between Tung Lung Island and Lantau Island, historically used as an outer anchorage for foreign vessels awaiting entry to Macau. It appears in contemporary English sources as *Cross Gate* or *Cross Roads*.
- *Yí mù* denotes officially recognised foreign community leaders—often Portuguese or Macanese intermediaries—who acted as liaisons between colonial authorities and the foreign mercantile community in Guangzhou and Macau. The name *Jiāsīduō* (here rendered phonetically) likely corresponds to a Portuguese or Luso-Asian individual active in the mid-eighteenth-century Pearl River Delta trade network.
- The office of *Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs* (*Guǎngzhōu Hǎifáng Jūnmín Fǔ*) was a hybrid Qing administrative-military organ responsible for coastal security, customs supervision, and foreign trade regulation in the Guangdong littoral—a precursor to the later *Hoppo* (Superintendent of Maritime Customs). Its jurisdiction over Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan (modern Zhongshan), and Zhongshan reflects the integrated governance of the Pearl River Delta estuary during the High Qing period. |
| fulltext_transcription | {{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
T14
[Archival mark]
T14
J454
[Stamp — top right]
[Red ink stamp: 登丙號訖]
[Heading]
特授廣州海防軍民府兼督番東順香四縣捕務紀錄四次魏
為飭行事 乾隆十九年閏四月二十四日奉
[Main text]
兩廣總督部院鶴 憲牌照得外洋夷船未到奧門之先灣泊十字門地方每有狡猾之粵夷教唆
引誘僱覓漁船將細軟貨物私運進口寄頓冀圖漏稅分肥節經出示嚴禁幷檄飭遵照在案
今值夷船將次進口之時誠恐不法夷人復萌故智除出示申禁外合再飭行備牌仰府照依事
理即便一体查禁倘粵夷敢有串通引誘走私漏稅立即嚴拿解究毋得狥縱等因奉此擬合就
行為此牌仰該夷目唊噝哆等卽遵
通同引誘走私漏稅定即嚴拿解究毋得教唆引誘外夷將細軟貨物私運進口倘敢
[Signature]
右牌仰夷目唊噝哆等准此
[Seal — left side, red ink]
[Square seal with Chinese characters, partially legible: 廣州海防軍民府印]
[Marginalia — left margin, vertical]
限
即
日繳
[Marginalia — center left, red ink]
廿九
日
[Marginalia — top center, handwritten]
T14
[Marginalia — top right, handwritten]
T14
[Stamp — center right, red ink]
[Small circular seal, illegible] |
| fulltext_translation | {{PAGE:1}}
**Archival Reference:** T14
**Series Identifier:** J454
**Official Seal (top right, in red ink):**
*Registered under Serial Number *Dēng Bǐng Hào* — Completed*
**Document Title (heading):**
*Imperial Commission to the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs, concurrently overseeing customs enforcement in Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan, and Zhongshan counties; Fourth Record of Duties — Magistrate Wei*
*Directive Issued on the Twenty-Fourth Day of the Intercalary Fourth Month of the Nineteenth Year of the Qianlong Reign (1754)*
**Main Text:**
By order of the Viceroy of Liangguang (Guangdong and Guangxi), His Excellency He Xian, it has been ascertained that foreign vessels arriving from overseas frequently anchor at Shizi Men (*Shízì Mén*, ‘Cross Gate’)—a designated anchorage outside Macau—prior to proceeding to Macau itself. At such times, certain unscrupulous local Cantonese subjects have habitually colluded with foreign merchants, instructing and facilitating the illicit use of fishing boats to smuggle light, high-value goods into the port surreptitiously. These goods are then concealed in private warehouses, with the aim of evading customs duties and sharing in the illicit profits.
Such practices have repeatedly been prohibited by official proclamation, and formal instructions to this effect have been issued to all relevant authorities and duly recorded in the administrative archives.
Given that foreign vessels are now expected to enter port imminently, there is grave concern that these unlawful practices may recur. In addition to reissuing public prohibitions, this directive is hereby issued to reinforce enforcement measures. You are accordingly instructed to implement rigorous surveillance and interdiction throughout your jurisdiction without delay. Should any Cantonese subject be found conspiring with or inciting foreigners to smuggle dutiable goods—particularly light, portable commodities—such persons shall be apprehended summarily and brought before the appropriate judicial authorities for prosecution. No leniency or concealment shall be tolerated.
This directive is therefore formally addressed to the foreign headmen (*Yí mù*), including *Jiāsīduō* and others named herein, commanding strict compliance. Any instance of collusion, inducement, or facilitation of smuggling—especially the clandestine importation of fine or valuable goods—shall result in immediate arrest and judicial investigation.
**Signature:**
*This directive is hereby transmitted to the foreign headmen Jiāsīduō et al. for immediate execution.*
**Official Seal (left side, in red ink):**
*Seal of the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs*
**Marginalia:**
- *Left margin (vertical, black ink):* **Deadline for compliance: same day**
- *Centre-left margin (in red ink):* **29th day** *(indicating date of return receipt or enforcement deadline)*
- *Top centre (handwritten, black ink):* **T14**
- *Top right (handwritten, black ink):* **T14**
- *Centre-right (small circular seal, in red ink):** *[illegible]*
---
*Note on terminology:*
- *Shízì Mén* (‘Cross Gate’) refers to the strategic maritime passage between Tung Lung Island and Lantau Island, historically used as an outer anchorage for foreign vessels awaiting entry to Macau. It appears in contemporary English sources as *Cross Gate* or *Cross Roads*.
- *Yí mù* denotes officially recognised foreign community leaders—often Portuguese or Macanese intermediaries—who acted as liaisons between colonial authorities and the foreign mercantile community in Guangzhou and Macau. The name *Jiāsīduō* (here rendered phonetically) likely corresponds to a Portuguese or Luso-Asian individual active in the mid-eighteenth-century Pearl River Delta trade network.
- The office of *Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs* (*Guǎngzhōu Hǎifáng Jūnmín Fǔ*) was a hybrid Qing administrative-military organ responsible for coastal security, customs supervision, and foreign trade regulation in the Guangdong littoral—a precursor to the later *Hoppo* (Superintendent of Maritime Customs). Its jurisdiction over Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan (modern Zhongshan), and Zhongshan reflects the integrated governance of the Pearl River Delta estuary during the High Qing period. |
| genre | Manuscripts |
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| hierarchy_parent_id | zotero-coll-6E6PR22G zotero-coll-HDYWE267 zotero-coll-PAAL2UHW |
| hierarchy_parent_title | Chapas Sínicas Maço 1 Transcriptions |
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| hierarchy_top_id | zotero-coll-WX87PJHD zotero-coll-WX87PJHD zotero-coll-WX87PJHD |
| hierarchy_top_title | News News News |
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| institution | zotero_group |
| last_indexed | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| latest_content_date | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| publishDate | 1754-06-19 |
| publishDateRange | 1754 |
| publishDateSort | 1754 |
| record_format | zotero |
| spelling | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa This archival document is an official Qing dynasty directive issued on the twenty-fourth day of the intercalary fourth month of the nineteenth year of the Qianlong reign (1754) by the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs, concurrently overseeing customs enforcement in Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan, and Zhongshan counties. Addressed to Magistrate Wei and formally transmitted to foreign headmen (*Yí mù*), including Jiāsīduō, the directive responds to recurrent smuggling activities involving Cantonese subjects colluding with foreign merchants at Shízì Mén (‘Cross Gate’)—a designated outer anchorage near Macau—where light, high-value goods were illicitly transported via fishing boats to evade customs duties. The text outlines administrative concerns regarding enforcement failures, reaffirms prior prohibitions recorded in official archives, and mandates immediate, rigorous surveillance and interdiction across the prefecture’s jurisdiction. It specifies that any Cantonese subject found conspiring with or inciting foreigners to smuggle dutiable commodities shall be summarily apprehended and prosecuted, and warns foreign headmen that collusion, inducement, or facilitation of such smuggling will result in immediate arrest and judicial investigation. Marginalia indicate a same-day compliance deadline and a return receipt date of the twenty-ninth day. As a primary source, the document illuminates Qing coastal governance, Sino-foreign commercial regulation, and the institutional role of *Yí mù* intermediaries in mid-eighteenth-century Pearl River Delta trade. Manuscripts Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000014 1754-06-19 Cantonese Smuggling Collusion Dongguan Customs Enforcement Foreign Headmen Regulation Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture Jiāsīduō Macau Trade Supervision Qianlong Reign Directive Qing Dynasty Coastal Governance Shunde Oversight Shízì Mén Smuggling Xiangshan Oversight {{PAGE:1}} [Page] T14 [Archival mark] T14 J454 [Stamp — top right] [Red ink stamp: 登丙號訖] [Heading] 特授廣州海防軍民府兼督番東順香四縣捕務紀錄四次魏 為飭行事 乾隆十九年閏四月二十四日奉 [Main text] 兩廣總督部院鶴 憲牌照得外洋夷船未到奧門之先灣泊十字門地方每有狡猾之粵夷教唆 引誘僱覓漁船將細軟貨物私運進口寄頓冀圖漏稅分肥節經出示嚴禁幷檄飭遵照在案 今值夷船將次進口之時誠恐不法夷人復萌故智除出示申禁外合再飭行備牌仰府照依事 理即便一体查禁倘粵夷敢有串通引誘走私漏稅立即嚴拿解究毋得狥縱等因奉此擬合就 行為此牌仰該夷目唊噝哆等卽遵 通同引誘走私漏稅定即嚴拿解究毋得教唆引誘外夷將細軟貨物私運進口倘敢 [Signature] 右牌仰夷目唊噝哆等准此 [Seal — left side, red ink] [Square seal with Chinese characters, partially legible: 廣州海防軍民府印] [Marginalia — left margin, vertical] 限 即 日繳 [Marginalia — center left, red ink] 廿九 日 [Marginalia — top center, handwritten] T14 [Marginalia — top right, handwritten] T14 [Stamp — center right, red ink] [Small circular seal, illegible] {{PAGE:1}} **Archival Reference:** T14 **Series Identifier:** J454 **Official Seal (top right, in red ink):** *Registered under Serial Number *Dēng Bǐng Hào* — Completed* **Document Title (heading):** *Imperial Commission to the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs, concurrently overseeing customs enforcement in Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan, and Zhongshan counties; Fourth Record of Duties — Magistrate Wei* *Directive Issued on the Twenty-Fourth Day of the Intercalary Fourth Month of the Nineteenth Year of the Qianlong Reign (1754)* **Main Text:** By order of the Viceroy of Liangguang (Guangdong and Guangxi), His Excellency He Xian, it has been ascertained that foreign vessels arriving from overseas frequently anchor at Shizi Men (*Shízì Mén*, ‘Cross Gate’)—a designated anchorage outside Macau—prior to proceeding to Macau itself. At such times, certain unscrupulous local Cantonese subjects have habitually colluded with foreign merchants, instructing and facilitating the illicit use of fishing boats to smuggle light, high-value goods into the port surreptitiously. These goods are then concealed in private warehouses, with the aim of evading customs duties and sharing in the illicit profits. Such practices have repeatedly been prohibited by official proclamation, and formal instructions to this effect have been issued to all relevant authorities and duly recorded in the administrative archives. Given that foreign vessels are now expected to enter port imminently, there is grave concern that these unlawful practices may recur. In addition to reissuing public prohibitions, this directive is hereby issued to reinforce enforcement measures. You are accordingly instructed to implement rigorous surveillance and interdiction throughout your jurisdiction without delay. Should any Cantonese subject be found conspiring with or inciting foreigners to smuggle dutiable goods—particularly light, portable commodities—such persons shall be apprehended summarily and brought before the appropriate judicial authorities for prosecution. No leniency or concealment shall be tolerated. This directive is therefore formally addressed to the foreign headmen (*Yí mù*), including *Jiāsīduō* and others named herein, commanding strict compliance. Any instance of collusion, inducement, or facilitation of smuggling—especially the clandestine importation of fine or valuable goods—shall result in immediate arrest and judicial investigation. **Signature:** *This directive is hereby transmitted to the foreign headmen Jiāsīduō et al. for immediate execution.* **Official Seal (left side, in red ink):** *Seal of the Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs* **Marginalia:** - *Left margin (vertical, black ink):* **Deadline for compliance: same day** - *Centre-left margin (in red ink):* **29th day** *(indicating date of return receipt or enforcement deadline)* - *Top centre (handwritten, black ink):* **T14** - *Top right (handwritten, black ink):* **T14** - *Centre-right (small circular seal, in red ink):** *[illegible]* --- *Note on terminology:* - *Shízì Mén* (‘Cross Gate’) refers to the strategic maritime passage between Tung Lung Island and Lantau Island, historically used as an outer anchorage for foreign vessels awaiting entry to Macau. It appears in contemporary English sources as *Cross Gate* or *Cross Roads*. - *Yí mù* denotes officially recognised foreign community leaders—often Portuguese or Macanese intermediaries—who acted as liaisons between colonial authorities and the foreign mercantile community in Guangzhou and Macau. The name *Jiāsīduō* (here rendered phonetically) likely corresponds to a Portuguese or Luso-Asian individual active in the mid-eighteenth-century Pearl River Delta trade network. - The office of *Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture for Military and Civil Affairs* (*Guǎngzhōu Hǎifáng Jūnmín Fǔ*) was a hybrid Qing administrative-military organ responsible for coastal security, customs supervision, and foreign trade regulation in the Guangdong littoral—a precursor to the later *Hoppo* (Superintendent of Maritime Customs). Its jurisdiction over Dongguan, Shunde, Xiangshan (modern Zhongshan), and Zhongshan reflects the integrated governance of the |
| spellingShingle | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa Cantonese Smuggling Collusion Dongguan Customs Enforcement Foreign Headmen Regulation Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture Jiāsīduō Macau Trade Supervision Qianlong Reign Directive Qing Dynasty Coastal Governance Shunde Oversight Shízì Mén Smuggling Xiangshan Oversight |
| title | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa |
| title_autocomplete | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa |
| title_full | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa |
| title_fullStr | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa |
| title_short | Ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de Macau, Wei, ao procurador de Macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em Macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da Taipa |
| title_sort | ofício do mandarim sub-prefeito de macau, wei, ao procurador de macau, sobre a advertência aos portugueses, residentes em macau, de ser interdito o descarregamento ilegal de mercadorias de navios estrangeiros atracados nas águas da taipa |
| topic | Cantonese Smuggling Collusion Dongguan Customs Enforcement Foreign Headmen Regulation Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture Jiāsīduō Macau Trade Supervision Qianlong Reign Directive Qing Dynasty Coastal Governance Shunde Oversight Shízì Mén Smuggling Xiangshan Oversight |
| topic_autocomplete | Cantonese Smuggling Collusion Dongguan Customs Enforcement Foreign Headmen Regulation Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture Jiāsīduō Macau Trade Supervision Qianlong Reign Directive Qing Dynasty Coastal Governance Shunde Oversight Shízì Mén Smuggling Xiangshan Oversight |
| topic_facet | Cantonese Smuggling Collusion Dongguan Customs Enforcement Foreign Headmen Regulation Guangzhou Maritime Defence Prefecture Jiāsīduō Macau Trade Supervision Qianlong Reign Directive Qing Dynasty Coastal Governance Shunde Oversight Shízì Mén Smuggling Xiangshan Oversight |
| url | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/S6PKFX37/viewer_S6PKFX37.html |
| zotero_collection_key | 6E6PR22G HDYWE267 PAAL2UHW |