Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim
This abstract describes an official placard (pái) issued on the 12th day of the ninth lunar month in the tenth year of the Qianlong reign (1745) by the Office of the Deputy Magistrate (Zuǒtáng) of Xiangshan County, signed by Ji Kūn. The document constitutes the county’s second submission concerning...
Saved in:
| Format: | Manuscripts |
|---|---|
| Published: |
1745-10-08
|
| Subjects: |
Chējià Sī
;
County Magistrate Jiang Pī
;
Foreign Headman Yímù
;
Imperial Household Department
;
Ji Kūn
;
Minister of War
;
Official Pái Documentation
;
Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng
;
Qianlong Reign Placard
;
Westerners Jiǎng Jiāorén Wú Zhífāng Fù Qǐméng Nà Yǒngfú
;
Xiangshan County Zuǒtáng Office
;
Manuscripts
|
| Online Access: | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/WVJEAH5V/viewer_WVJEAH5V.html |
| _version_ | 1877197619585875968 |
|---|---|
| archiveLocation | PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000008 |
| building | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| collection | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| description | This abstract describes an official placard (pái) issued on the 12th day of the ninth lunar month in the tenth year of the Qianlong reign (1745) by the Office of the Deputy Magistrate (Zuǒtáng) of Xiangshan County, signed by Ji Kūn. The document constitutes the county’s second submission concerning compliance with a multi-tiered imperial administrative chain originating from the Ministry of War (Bīng Bù), Office of Chariots and Horses (Chējià Sī), which reported that Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng had delivered four Westerners—Jiǎng Jiāorén, Wú Zhífāng, Fù Qǐméng, and Nà Yǒngfú—to the capital for presentation to the relevant ministry and subsequent transfer to the Imperial Household Department (Nèiwù Fǔ). The placard transmits formal instructions down the bureaucratic hierarchy—from the Ministry of War, via the Provincial Administration Commission (Bùzhèng Shǐ Sī), Prefectural Administration, and County Magistrate Jiang Pī—to the designated foreign headman (Yí mù), directing strict observance of orders requiring his compliance. Marginalia indicate archival numbering (381) and registration (Dēngjì Hàomǎ), while seals and annotations reflect contemporary administrative processing. The document exemplifies Qing-era bureaucratic protocol for managing foreign presence at the local level and provides primary evidence of institutional responses to Western individuals within the Guangdong maritime frontier during the mid-eighteenth century. |
| first_indexed | 2026-05-17T07:56:59Z |
| format | Manuscripts |
| fulltext | [transcription]
{{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
[ILLEGIBLE: ~4 chars]
[Marginalia — top left]
三八一
九月廿日
丁
2051
[Marginalia — top right]
[UNCLEAR: vertical characters, possibly archival mark]
[Stamp — top center]
[Red rectangular seal with illegible characters; partially obscured by black ink marking]
[Stamp — top right corner]
[Red square seal with characters: 登記號碼]
[Main text]
署香山縣左堂紀錕二次顧 為遵
旨事 乾隆十年九月十二日准
本縣正堂江 騍 乾隆十年九月初八日奉
本府信牌 乾隆十年八月二十九日奉
布政司劄付 乾隆十年八月二十日奉
兩廣總督策 案 乾隆十年八月十七日准
兵部咨車駕司案 乾隆十年五月十六日准廣督那 容稱泳出巡
檢項素恒送西洋人蔣交仁吳直芳父啟蒙那永福四名人進京前赴
貴部聽候轉送內務府等因 前來除飭令該巡檢項素恒將西洋
人蔣交仁等四名送交內務府外 相應知照該督可也 等因 到本部
院准此擬合就行 備案劄司付府仰縣牒移到廳頒照依
部咨內事理 即便轉行夷目知照等 因准此擬合就行 為此牌
行該夷目照依
部咨內事理 即使一体知照毋違 須牌
[Heading — left side, vertical]
廳
[Date — left side, vertical]
乾隆十年九月
十二日
[Signature — lower left]
遵照
[Stamp — left side, vertical red characters]
[UNCLEAR: vertical red characters, possibly "行" or "行文"]
[Stamp — center left, red square]
[Red square seal with illegible characters]
[Text — bottom center, vertical]
右牌行夷目准此
[translation]
{{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
[Illegible: c. four characters]
[Marginalia — top left]
381
20th day of the ninth lunar month
Ding (the fourth of the Heavenly Stems)
2051
[Marginalia — top right]
[Unclear vertical characters, likely an archival reference mark]
[Stamp — top centre]
[Red rectangular seal bearing illegible characters; partially obscured by a black-ink annotation]
[Stamp — top right corner]
[Red square seal inscribed: ‘Registration Number’ (Dēngjì Hàomǎ)]
[Main text]
Office of the Deputy Magistrate (Zuǒtáng) of Xiangshan County
Ji Kūn
Second Submission
On the matter of compliance with imperial instruction:
Received on the 12th day of the ninth lunar month of the Qianlong reign, tenth year [1745], from the Chief Magistrate (Zhèngtáng) of this county, Jiang Pī, whose own receipt bears date the 8th day of the ninth lunar month of the same year.
His receipt was issued in response to an official dispatch (xìn pái) from the Prefectural Administration, dated the 29th day of the eighth lunar month of the same year.
That dispatch, in turn, followed a formal notification (zhá fù) issued by the Provincial Administration Commission (Bùzhèng Shǐ Sī), dated the 20th day of the eighth lunar month.
Which notification derived from a case file (àn) submitted by the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi (Liǎngguǎng Zǒngdū), Cè, dated the 17th day of the eighth lunar month.
That file originated in a memorial (zī) submitted to the Ministry of War (Bīng Bù) by its Office of Chariots and Horses (Chējià Sī), dated the 16th day of the fifth lunar month, reporting that the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi, Nà Yǒngfú, had reported—following an inspection tour—that the Patrol Inspector (Xúnjiǎn) Xiàng Sùhéng had delivered to the capital four Westerners—Jiǎng Jiāorén, Wú Zhífāng, Fù Qǐméng, and Nà Yǒngfú—for presentation to the relevant ministry and subsequent transfer to the Imperial Household Department (Nèiwù Fǔ).
Upon receipt, the Ministry instructed Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng to convey the four Westerners directly to the Imperial Household Department. It further directed that this matter be formally communicated to the Viceroy for his information and records.
The Ministry of War having received this communication, deemed it appropriate to issue formal instructions accordingly. A record has been entered in the Ministry’s archives, and a formal notification (zhá fù) has been issued to the Prefectural Administration, ordering transmission to the County Magistrate and onward to the relevant Sub-Prefectural Office (Tīng) for implementation.
In accordance with the directive contained in the Ministry’s notification, the County Magistrate is hereby instructed to transmit these orders without delay to the designated foreign headman (Yí mù), for his formal notice and compliance.
Accordingly, this official placard (pái) is issued to the said foreign headman, directing him strictly to observe and implement the provisions set forth in the Ministry’s notification. Non-compliance is strictly prohibited.
This placard is issued under authority.
[Heading — left side, vertical]
Sub-Prefectural Office (Tīng)
[Date — left side, vertical]
12th day of the ninth lunar month, tenth year of the Qianlong reign [1745]
[Signature — lower left]
Complied with and executed as instructed.
[Stamp — left side, vertical red characters]
[Unclear vertical red characters, possibly ‘Issued’ (Xíng) or ‘Official Dispatch’ (Xíngwén)]
[Stamp — centre left, red square]
[Red square seal bearing illegible characters]
[Text — bottom centre, vertical]
This official placard has been issued to the foreign headman (Yí mù); the above is to be observed accordingly. |
| fulltext_transcription | {{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
[ILLEGIBLE: ~4 chars]
[Marginalia — top left]
三八一
九月廿日
丁
2051
[Marginalia — top right]
[UNCLEAR: vertical characters, possibly archival mark]
[Stamp — top center]
[Red rectangular seal with illegible characters; partially obscured by black ink marking]
[Stamp — top right corner]
[Red square seal with characters: 登記號碼]
[Main text]
署香山縣左堂紀錕二次顧 為遵
旨事 乾隆十年九月十二日准
本縣正堂江 騍 乾隆十年九月初八日奉
本府信牌 乾隆十年八月二十九日奉
布政司劄付 乾隆十年八月二十日奉
兩廣總督策 案 乾隆十年八月十七日准
兵部咨車駕司案 乾隆十年五月十六日准廣督那 容稱泳出巡
檢項素恒送西洋人蔣交仁吳直芳父啟蒙那永福四名人進京前赴
貴部聽候轉送內務府等因 前來除飭令該巡檢項素恒將西洋
人蔣交仁等四名送交內務府外 相應知照該督可也 等因 到本部
院准此擬合就行 備案劄司付府仰縣牒移到廳頒照依
部咨內事理 即便轉行夷目知照等 因准此擬合就行 為此牌
行該夷目照依
部咨內事理 即使一体知照毋違 須牌
[Heading — left side, vertical]
廳
[Date — left side, vertical]
乾隆十年九月
十二日
[Signature — lower left]
遵照
[Stamp — left side, vertical red characters]
[UNCLEAR: vertical red characters, possibly "行" or "行文"]
[Stamp — center left, red square]
[Red square seal with illegible characters]
[Text — bottom center, vertical]
右牌行夷目准此 |
| fulltext_translation | {{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
[Illegible: c. four characters]
[Marginalia — top left]
381
20th day of the ninth lunar month
Ding (the fourth of the Heavenly Stems)
2051
[Marginalia — top right]
[Unclear vertical characters, likely an archival reference mark]
[Stamp — top centre]
[Red rectangular seal bearing illegible characters; partially obscured by a black-ink annotation]
[Stamp — top right corner]
[Red square seal inscribed: ‘Registration Number’ (Dēngjì Hàomǎ)]
[Main text]
Office of the Deputy Magistrate (Zuǒtáng) of Xiangshan County
Ji Kūn
Second Submission
On the matter of compliance with imperial instruction:
Received on the 12th day of the ninth lunar month of the Qianlong reign, tenth year [1745], from the Chief Magistrate (Zhèngtáng) of this county, Jiang Pī, whose own receipt bears date the 8th day of the ninth lunar month of the same year.
His receipt was issued in response to an official dispatch (xìn pái) from the Prefectural Administration, dated the 29th day of the eighth lunar month of the same year.
That dispatch, in turn, followed a formal notification (zhá fù) issued by the Provincial Administration Commission (Bùzhèng Shǐ Sī), dated the 20th day of the eighth lunar month.
Which notification derived from a case file (àn) submitted by the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi (Liǎngguǎng Zǒngdū), Cè, dated the 17th day of the eighth lunar month.
That file originated in a memorial (zī) submitted to the Ministry of War (Bīng Bù) by its Office of Chariots and Horses (Chējià Sī), dated the 16th day of the fifth lunar month, reporting that the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi, Nà Yǒngfú, had reported—following an inspection tour—that the Patrol Inspector (Xúnjiǎn) Xiàng Sùhéng had delivered to the capital four Westerners—Jiǎng Jiāorén, Wú Zhífāng, Fù Qǐméng, and Nà Yǒngfú—for presentation to the relevant ministry and subsequent transfer to the Imperial Household Department (Nèiwù Fǔ).
Upon receipt, the Ministry instructed Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng to convey the four Westerners directly to the Imperial Household Department. It further directed that this matter be formally communicated to the Viceroy for his information and records.
The Ministry of War having received this communication, deemed it appropriate to issue formal instructions accordingly. A record has been entered in the Ministry’s archives, and a formal notification (zhá fù) has been issued to the Prefectural Administration, ordering transmission to the County Magistrate and onward to the relevant Sub-Prefectural Office (Tīng) for implementation.
In accordance with the directive contained in the Ministry’s notification, the County Magistrate is hereby instructed to transmit these orders without delay to the designated foreign headman (Yí mù), for his formal notice and compliance.
Accordingly, this official placard (pái) is issued to the said foreign headman, directing him strictly to observe and implement the provisions set forth in the Ministry’s notification. Non-compliance is strictly prohibited.
This placard is issued under authority.
[Heading — left side, vertical]
Sub-Prefectural Office (Tīng)
[Date — left side, vertical]
12th day of the ninth lunar month, tenth year of the Qianlong reign [1745]
[Signature — lower left]
Complied with and executed as instructed.
[Stamp — left side, vertical red characters]
[Unclear vertical red characters, possibly ‘Issued’ (Xíng) or ‘Official Dispatch’ (Xíngwén)]
[Stamp — centre left, red square]
[Red square seal bearing illegible characters]
[Text — bottom centre, vertical]
This official placard has been issued to the foreign headman (Yí mù); the above is to be observed accordingly. |
| genre | Manuscripts |
| genre_facet | Manuscripts |
| hierarchy_browse | Chapas Sínicas{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-6E6PR22G Maço 1{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-HDYWE267 Transcriptions{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-PAAL2UHW |
| hierarchy_parent_id | zotero-coll-6E6PR22G zotero-coll-HDYWE267 zotero-coll-PAAL2UHW |
| hierarchy_parent_title | Chapas Sínicas Maço 1 Transcriptions |
| hierarchy_sequence | 0000 0000 0000 |
| hierarchy_top_id | zotero-coll-WX87PJHD zotero-coll-WX87PJHD zotero-coll-WX87PJHD |
| hierarchy_top_title | News News News |
| hierarchytype | Default |
| id | zotero-WVJEAH5V |
| institution | zotero_group |
| last_indexed | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| latest_content_date | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| publishDate | 1745-10-08 |
| publishDateRange | 1745 |
| publishDateSort | 1745 |
| record_format | zotero |
| spelling | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim This abstract describes an official placard (pái) issued on the 12th day of the ninth lunar month in the tenth year of the Qianlong reign (1745) by the Office of the Deputy Magistrate (Zuǒtáng) of Xiangshan County, signed by Ji Kūn. The document constitutes the county’s second submission concerning compliance with a multi-tiered imperial administrative chain originating from the Ministry of War (Bīng Bù), Office of Chariots and Horses (Chējià Sī), which reported that Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng had delivered four Westerners—Jiǎng Jiāorén, Wú Zhífāng, Fù Qǐméng, and Nà Yǒngfú—to the capital for presentation to the relevant ministry and subsequent transfer to the Imperial Household Department (Nèiwù Fǔ). The placard transmits formal instructions down the bureaucratic hierarchy—from the Ministry of War, via the Provincial Administration Commission (Bùzhèng Shǐ Sī), Prefectural Administration, and County Magistrate Jiang Pī—to the designated foreign headman (Yí mù), directing strict observance of orders requiring his compliance. Marginalia indicate archival numbering (381) and registration (Dēngjì Hàomǎ), while seals and annotations reflect contemporary administrative processing. The document exemplifies Qing-era bureaucratic protocol for managing foreign presence at the local level and provides primary evidence of institutional responses to Western individuals within the Guangdong maritime frontier during the mid-eighteenth century. Manuscripts Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000008 1745-10-08 Chējià Sī County Magistrate Jiang Pī Foreign Headman Yímù Imperial Household Department Ji Kūn Minister of War Official Pái Documentation Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng Qianlong Reign Placard Westerners Jiǎng Jiāorén Wú Zhífāng Fù Qǐméng Nà Yǒngfú Xiangshan County Zuǒtáng Office {{PAGE:1}} [Page] [ILLEGIBLE: ~4 chars] [Marginalia — top left] 三八一 九月廿日 丁 2051 [Marginalia — top right] [UNCLEAR: vertical characters, possibly archival mark] [Stamp — top center] [Red rectangular seal with illegible characters; partially obscured by black ink marking] [Stamp — top right corner] [Red square seal with characters: 登記號碼] [Main text] 署香山縣左堂紀錕二次顧 為遵 旨事 乾隆十年九月十二日准 本縣正堂江 騍 乾隆十年九月初八日奉 本府信牌 乾隆十年八月二十九日奉 布政司劄付 乾隆十年八月二十日奉 兩廣總督策 案 乾隆十年八月十七日准 兵部咨車駕司案 乾隆十年五月十六日准廣督那 容稱泳出巡 檢項素恒送西洋人蔣交仁吳直芳父啟蒙那永福四名人進京前赴 貴部聽候轉送內務府等因 前來除飭令該巡檢項素恒將西洋 人蔣交仁等四名送交內務府外 相應知照該督可也 等因 到本部 院准此擬合就行 備案劄司付府仰縣牒移到廳頒照依 部咨內事理 即便轉行夷目知照等 因准此擬合就行 為此牌 行該夷目照依 部咨內事理 即使一体知照毋違 須牌 [Heading — left side, vertical] 廳 [Date — left side, vertical] 乾隆十年九月 十二日 [Signature — lower left] 遵照 [Stamp — left side, vertical red characters] [UNCLEAR: vertical red characters, possibly "行" or "行文"] [Stamp — center left, red square] [Red square seal with illegible characters] [Text — bottom center, vertical] 右牌行夷目准此 {{PAGE:1}} [Page] [Illegible: c. four characters] [Marginalia — top left] 381 20th day of the ninth lunar month Ding (the fourth of the Heavenly Stems) 2051 [Marginalia — top right] [Unclear vertical characters, likely an archival reference mark] [Stamp — top centre] [Red rectangular seal bearing illegible characters; partially obscured by a black-ink annotation] [Stamp — top right corner] [Red square seal inscribed: ‘Registration Number’ (Dēngjì Hàomǎ)] [Main text] Office of the Deputy Magistrate (Zuǒtáng) of Xiangshan County Ji Kūn Second Submission On the matter of compliance with imperial instruction: Received on the 12th day of the ninth lunar month of the Qianlong reign, tenth year [1745], from the Chief Magistrate (Zhèngtáng) of this county, Jiang Pī, whose own receipt bears date the 8th day of the ninth lunar month of the same year. His receipt was issued in response to an official dispatch (xìn pái) from the Prefectural Administration, dated the 29th day of the eighth lunar month of the same year. That dispatch, in turn, followed a formal notification (zhá fù) issued by the Provincial Administration Commission (Bùzhèng Shǐ Sī), dated the 20th day of the eighth lunar month. Which notification derived from a case file (àn) submitted by the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi (Liǎngguǎng Zǒngdū), Cè, dated the 17th day of the eighth lunar month. That file originated in a memorial (zī) submitted to the Ministry of War (Bīng Bù) by its Office of Chariots and Horses (Chējià Sī), dated the 16th day of the fifth lunar month, reporting that the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi, Nà Yǒngfú, had reported—following an inspection tour—that the Patrol Inspector (Xúnjiǎn) Xiàng Sùhéng had delivered to the capital four Westerners—Jiǎng Jiāorén, Wú Zhífāng, Fù Qǐméng, and Nà Yǒngfú—for presentation to the relevant ministry and subsequent transfer to the Imperial Household Department (Nèiwù Fǔ). Upon receipt, the Ministry instructed Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng to convey the four Westerners directly to the Imperial Household Department. It further directed that this matter be formally communicated to the Viceroy for his information and records. The Ministry of War having received this communication, deemed it appropriate to issue formal instructions accordingly. A record has been entered in the Ministry’s archives, and a formal notification (zhá fù) has been issued to the Prefectural Administration, ordering transmission to the County Magistrate and onward to the relevant Sub-Prefectural Office (Tīng) for implementation. In accordance with the directive contained in the Ministry’s notification, the County Magistrate is hereby instructed to transmit these orders without delay to the designated foreign headman (Yí mù), for his formal notice and compliance. Accordingly, this official placard (pái) is issued to the said foreign headman, directing him strictly to observe and implement the provisions set forth in the Ministry’s notification. Non-compliance is strictly prohibited. This placard is issued under authority. [Heading — left side, vertical] Sub-Prefectural Office (Tīng) [Date — left side, vertical] 12th day of the ninth lunar month, tenth year of the Qianlong reign [1745] [Signature — lower left] Complied with and executed as instructed. [Stamp — left side, vertical red characters] [Unclear vertical red characters, possibly ‘Issued’ (Xíng) or ‘Official Dispatch’ (Xíngwén)] [Stamp — centre left, red square] [Red square seal bearing illegible characters] [Text — bottom centre, vertical] This official placard has been issued to the foreign headman (Yí mù); the above is to be observed accordingly. |
| spellingShingle | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim Chējià Sī County Magistrate Jiang Pī Foreign Headman Yímù Imperial Household Department Ji Kūn Minister of War Official Pái Documentation Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng Qianlong Reign Placard Westerners Jiǎng Jiāorén Wú Zhífāng Fù Qǐméng Nà Yǒngfú Xiangshan County Zuǒtáng Office |
| title | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim |
| title_autocomplete | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim |
| title_full | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim |
| title_fullStr | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim |
| title_short | Ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de Xiangshan, Gu, ao procurador de Macau, sobre o envio dos padres Michael Benoist, Bartolomeu de Azevedo, Ignatius Sichelbarth e outro a Pequim |
| title_sort | ofício do assistente substituto do magistrado do distrito de xiangshan, gu, ao procurador de macau, sobre o envio dos padres michael benoist, bartolomeu de azevedo, ignatius sichelbarth e outro a pequim |
| topic | Chējià Sī County Magistrate Jiang Pī Foreign Headman Yímù Imperial Household Department Ji Kūn Minister of War Official Pái Documentation Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng Qianlong Reign Placard Westerners Jiǎng Jiāorén Wú Zhífāng Fù Qǐméng Nà Yǒngfú Xiangshan County Zuǒtáng Office |
| topic_autocomplete | Chējià Sī County Magistrate Jiang Pī Foreign Headman Yímù Imperial Household Department Ji Kūn Minister of War Official Pái Documentation Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng Qianlong Reign Placard Westerners Jiǎng Jiāorén Wú Zhífāng Fù Qǐméng Nà Yǒngfú Xiangshan County Zuǒtáng Office |
| topic_facet | Chējià Sī County Magistrate Jiang Pī Foreign Headman Yímù Imperial Household Department Ji Kūn Minister of War Official Pái Documentation Patrol Inspector Xiàng Sùhéng Qianlong Reign Placard Westerners Jiǎng Jiāorén Wú Zhífāng Fù Qǐméng Nà Yǒngfú Xiangshan County Zuǒtáng Office |
| url | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/WVJEAH5V/viewer_WVJEAH5V.html |
| zotero_collection_key | 6E6PR22G HDYWE267 PAAL2UHW |