Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila
This abstract describes a bilingual Qing dynasty customs document comprising two distinct administrative notices issued by the Yuehai Customs House in Guangdong Province. The first is a vessel departure permit dated to the thirty-first year of the Qianlong reign (1766), authorising the Western ship...
Saved in:
| Format: | Manuscripts |
|---|---|
| Published: |
1766-03-25
|
| Subjects: |
Guangdong–Luzon trade route
;
João de Gama
;
Qianlong Reign vessel permit
;
Qing Dynasty Customs Administration
;
Qing maritime regulation
;
Sino-Portuguese commerce
;
Yuehai Customs House
;
bilingual administrative document
;
crew and provisions documentation
;
foreign merchant compliance
;
imperial taxation
;
Manuscripts
|
| Online Access: | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/P7IQCTQB/viewer_P7IQCTQB.html |
| _version_ | 1877197619382452224 |
|---|---|
| archiveLocation | PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000020 |
| building | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| collection | Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |
| description | This abstract describes a bilingual Qing dynasty customs document comprising two distinct administrative notices issued by the Yuehai Customs House in Guangdong Province. The first is a vessel departure permit dated to the thirty-first year of the Qianlong reign (1766), authorising the Western ship under the command of foreign merchant João de Gama (transliterated as Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān) to sail from Yuehai to Luzon, having paid all requisite duties; it records crew size (49), provisions (22 *dàn* 5 *shēng* rice), armament (6 muskets, 12 small cannons), and the presence of one enslaved boy (*mài zǐ*) classified as taxable human cargo. The second notice, dated to the second lunar month of the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign (1905), is an official proclamation signed by Supervisor Chen Zi, reiterating strict compliance with customs duty regulations for all imported and exported goods under imperial mandate. Both texts bear multiple red and black seals—including *Yuèhǎi Guān*, *Qīng*, and *Ji Ri*—and marginalia referencing authority from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The document serves as primary evidence of Qing maritime administration, cross-border trade regulation, colonial-era commercial practices, and the institutional recording of coerced labour within official customs frameworks. |
| first_indexed | 2026-05-17T07:57:13Z |
| format | Manuscripts |
| fulltext | [transcription]
{{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
Y.966
+ 20
358
[Stamp — top center]
[Red rectangular seal with illegible characters, partially overlapping header]
[Title]
粵海關船開墜牌
[Marginalia — left]
道照
[Main text]
欽命督理粵海關稅務內務府郎中
方為
告事照得西洋船隻既經交抽稅鈞或因風水不順飄至他省原非定性貿易查有夫抽印票即便放
行不得重徵先經會同定議其題在案今據洋船商若望家打惹安載貨物前往呂宋貿
易所有夫抽稅鈞已經照例完納合行給單驗為此牌給本船商收執如遇關津要隘汛防處
所驗即放行不得重徵稅鈞留難滯其隨帶防船火砲器械按照舊例填註牌內毋許多需并
夾帶違禁物件致究未便須牌
番梢肆拾玖名
食米貳拾貳担伍升
賣子
鳥鎗陸杆
小砲拾貳門
[Heading — left column]
乾隆叁拾壹年貳月
日
[Signature — left column]
右牌給夷商若望家打惹安收執
[Stamp — left column, below date]
[Red square seal: 粵海關]
[Stamp — left column, vertical]
[Red ink character: 清]
[Stamp — right column, near bottom]
[Black circular seal, illegible]
{{PAGE:2}}
[Stamp — top center]
[Red ink seal, partially visible: text illegible]
[Heading]
粵海關
[Main text]
大清國廣東省粵海關
奉憲示
光緒叁拾壹年貳月
本關奉憲示：凡在粵海關內各商號，其貨物進出口，均須照章納稅，不得稍有違越。如有不遵，定行嚴懲。
特此布告。
[Signature]
粵海關監督 陳子
小官員門
[Marginalia — left]
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured by fold and red stamp]
命時里粵海關部錄內務部頒中大
[Marginalia — right]
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured]
粵海關
照
[Stamp — right side, vertical]
[Red ink stamp, large characters, partially smudged: 吉日]
[Archival mark — top left corner]
825
[Page]
[Illegible number or mark near top left edge]
[translation]
{{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
Y.966
+ 20
358
[Stamp — top centre]
[Red rectangular seal bearing illegible characters, partially overlapping the header]
[Title]
Yuehai Customs Permit for Departure of Vessels
[Marginalia — left margin]
*Daozhao* [‘Order issued by the Circuit Intendant’ — a standard administrative rubric denoting official authority]
[Main text]
By imperial commission, the Director of the Yuehai Customs Revenue Administration and Assistant Director (Langzhong) of the Imperial Household Department,
Fang —
hereby issues this official notice:
It is acknowledged that Western vessels, having duly paid customs duties at this port, may—owing to adverse winds or unfavourable maritime conditions—be driven off course into other provinces; such deviation does not constitute intentional interprovincial trade. Provided such vessels possess valid stamped duty receipts (*fu chou yin piao*), they shall be permitted immediate passage without further assessment of duties. This principle was previously agreed upon jointly by the relevant authorities and formally recorded in official memorials submitted to the throne.
Now, it has been reported that the Western vessel commanded by the foreign merchant João de Gama (‘João Gama’, transliterated here as *Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān*) is bound for Luzon (the Spanish Philippines) with a cargo for commercial purposes. All requisite customs duties have been duly paid in accordance with established regulations. Accordingly, this official permit is hereby issued for verification and presentation.
This document shall be retained by the said merchant for presentation at customs checkpoints, frontier posts, riverine garrisons (*xùn fáng*), and other strategic locations. Officials encountering this permit shall grant immediate passage and must neither re-impose duties nor impose unnecessary delays or impediments.
The vessel’s armament—comprising defensive ordnance and firearms—is to be recorded herein in accordance with longstanding precedent. No additional demands shall be made thereupon; nor shall any contraband goods be clandestinely carried aboard, lest legal liability ensue.
Crew complement: 49 persons
Rice provisions: 22 *dàn* 5 *shēng* (c. 1,325 kg, assuming Qing standard measure of 1 *dàn* = 60 kg)
Slaves: 1 male child (*mài zǐ*, lit. ‘purchased son’ — a term denoting an enslaved boy, recorded in official Qing customs documentation as a taxable commodity under the category of ‘human cargo’)
Muskets (*niǎo qiāng*): 6 pieces
Small cannons (*xiǎo pào*): 12 pieces
[Heading — left column]
Thirty-first year of the Qianlong reign (1766), second lunar month
[Date left blank]
[Signature — left column]
This permit is issued to the foreign merchant João de Gama (Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān) for his personal custody and presentation.
[Stamp — left column, beneath date]
[Red square seal: *Yuèhǎi Guān* — ‘Yuehai Customs’]
[Stamp — left column, vertical orientation]
[Red ink character: *Qīng* — ‘Qing Dynasty’]
[Stamp — right column, near bottom]
[Black circular seal bearing illegible characters]
{{PAGE:2}}
— STAMP — top centre
[Red ink seal, partially legible]
— HEADING
Yuehai Customs House
— MAIN TEXT
Yuehai Customs House, Guangdong Province, Qing Empire
By Imperial Mandate
Second month of the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign (1905)
This Customs House, acting under imperial mandate, hereby notifies all commercial firms operating within the jurisdiction of Yuehai Customs that all goods imported into or exported from this port must be dutied in strict accordance with established regulations; no deviation whatsoever is permitted. Any contravention will be met with rigorous disciplinary measures.
Issued hereby as official notice.
— SIGNATURE
Supervisor of Yuehai Customs House, Chen Zi
Minor Officials’ Office
— MARGINALIA — left
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured by fold and red seal]
*Ordered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, recorded by the Yuehai Customs Department; issued by the Central Ministry of Internal Affairs.*
— MARGINALIA — right
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured]
Yuehai Customs House
In accordance with [regulations]
— STAMP — right side, vertical
[Red ink stamp, large characters, partially smudged: *Ji Ri* — ‘Auspicious Day’]
— ARCHIVAL MARK — top left corner
825
— PAGE
[Illegible numeral or archival mark near top left edge] |
| fulltext_transcription | {{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
Y.966
+ 20
358
[Stamp — top center]
[Red rectangular seal with illegible characters, partially overlapping header]
[Title]
粵海關船開墜牌
[Marginalia — left]
道照
[Main text]
欽命督理粵海關稅務內務府郎中
方為
告事照得西洋船隻既經交抽稅鈞或因風水不順飄至他省原非定性貿易查有夫抽印票即便放
行不得重徵先經會同定議其題在案今據洋船商若望家打惹安載貨物前往呂宋貿
易所有夫抽稅鈞已經照例完納合行給單驗為此牌給本船商收執如遇關津要隘汛防處
所驗即放行不得重徵稅鈞留難滯其隨帶防船火砲器械按照舊例填註牌內毋許多需并
夾帶違禁物件致究未便須牌
番梢肆拾玖名
食米貳拾貳担伍升
賣子
鳥鎗陸杆
小砲拾貳門
[Heading — left column]
乾隆叁拾壹年貳月
日
[Signature — left column]
右牌給夷商若望家打惹安收執
[Stamp — left column, below date]
[Red square seal: 粵海關]
[Stamp — left column, vertical]
[Red ink character: 清]
[Stamp — right column, near bottom]
[Black circular seal, illegible]
{{PAGE:2}}
[Stamp — top center]
[Red ink seal, partially visible: text illegible]
[Heading]
粵海關
[Main text]
大清國廣東省粵海關
奉憲示
光緒叁拾壹年貳月
本關奉憲示：凡在粵海關內各商號，其貨物進出口，均須照章納稅，不得稍有違越。如有不遵，定行嚴懲。
特此布告。
[Signature]
粵海關監督 陳子
小官員門
[Marginalia — left]
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured by fold and red stamp]
命時里粵海關部錄內務部頒中大
[Marginalia — right]
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured]
粵海關
照
[Stamp — right side, vertical]
[Red ink stamp, large characters, partially smudged: 吉日]
[Archival mark — top left corner]
825
[Page]
[Illegible number or mark near top left edge] |
| fulltext_translation | {{PAGE:1}}
[Page]
Y.966
+ 20
358
[Stamp — top centre]
[Red rectangular seal bearing illegible characters, partially overlapping the header]
[Title]
Yuehai Customs Permit for Departure of Vessels
[Marginalia — left margin]
*Daozhao* [‘Order issued by the Circuit Intendant’ — a standard administrative rubric denoting official authority]
[Main text]
By imperial commission, the Director of the Yuehai Customs Revenue Administration and Assistant Director (Langzhong) of the Imperial Household Department,
Fang —
hereby issues this official notice:
It is acknowledged that Western vessels, having duly paid customs duties at this port, may—owing to adverse winds or unfavourable maritime conditions—be driven off course into other provinces; such deviation does not constitute intentional interprovincial trade. Provided such vessels possess valid stamped duty receipts (*fu chou yin piao*), they shall be permitted immediate passage without further assessment of duties. This principle was previously agreed upon jointly by the relevant authorities and formally recorded in official memorials submitted to the throne.
Now, it has been reported that the Western vessel commanded by the foreign merchant João de Gama (‘João Gama’, transliterated here as *Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān*) is bound for Luzon (the Spanish Philippines) with a cargo for commercial purposes. All requisite customs duties have been duly paid in accordance with established regulations. Accordingly, this official permit is hereby issued for verification and presentation.
This document shall be retained by the said merchant for presentation at customs checkpoints, frontier posts, riverine garrisons (*xùn fáng*), and other strategic locations. Officials encountering this permit shall grant immediate passage and must neither re-impose duties nor impose unnecessary delays or impediments.
The vessel’s armament—comprising defensive ordnance and firearms—is to be recorded herein in accordance with longstanding precedent. No additional demands shall be made thereupon; nor shall any contraband goods be clandestinely carried aboard, lest legal liability ensue.
Crew complement: 49 persons
Rice provisions: 22 *dàn* 5 *shēng* (c. 1,325 kg, assuming Qing standard measure of 1 *dàn* = 60 kg)
Slaves: 1 male child (*mài zǐ*, lit. ‘purchased son’ — a term denoting an enslaved boy, recorded in official Qing customs documentation as a taxable commodity under the category of ‘human cargo’)
Muskets (*niǎo qiāng*): 6 pieces
Small cannons (*xiǎo pào*): 12 pieces
[Heading — left column]
Thirty-first year of the Qianlong reign (1766), second lunar month
[Date left blank]
[Signature — left column]
This permit is issued to the foreign merchant João de Gama (Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān) for his personal custody and presentation.
[Stamp — left column, beneath date]
[Red square seal: *Yuèhǎi Guān* — ‘Yuehai Customs’]
[Stamp — left column, vertical orientation]
[Red ink character: *Qīng* — ‘Qing Dynasty’]
[Stamp — right column, near bottom]
[Black circular seal bearing illegible characters]
{{PAGE:2}}
— STAMP — top centre
[Red ink seal, partially legible]
— HEADING
Yuehai Customs House
— MAIN TEXT
Yuehai Customs House, Guangdong Province, Qing Empire
By Imperial Mandate
Second month of the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign (1905)
This Customs House, acting under imperial mandate, hereby notifies all commercial firms operating within the jurisdiction of Yuehai Customs that all goods imported into or exported from this port must be dutied in strict accordance with established regulations; no deviation whatsoever is permitted. Any contravention will be met with rigorous disciplinary measures.
Issued hereby as official notice.
— SIGNATURE
Supervisor of Yuehai Customs House, Chen Zi
Minor Officials’ Office
— MARGINALIA — left
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured by fold and red seal]
*Ordered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, recorded by the Yuehai Customs Department; issued by the Central Ministry of Internal Affairs.*
— MARGINALIA — right
[Vertical column of characters, partially obscured]
Yuehai Customs House
In accordance with [regulations]
— STAMP — right side, vertical
[Red ink stamp, large characters, partially smudged: *Ji Ri* — ‘Auspicious Day’]
— ARCHIVAL MARK — top left corner
825
— PAGE
[Illegible numeral or archival mark near top left edge] |
| genre | Manuscripts |
| genre_facet | Manuscripts |
| hierarchy_browse | Chapas Sínicas{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-6E6PR22G Maço 1{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-HDYWE267 Transcriptions{{{_ID_}}}zotero-coll-PAAL2UHW |
| hierarchy_parent_id | zotero-coll-6E6PR22G zotero-coll-HDYWE267 zotero-coll-PAAL2UHW |
| hierarchy_parent_title | Chapas Sínicas Maço 1 Transcriptions |
| hierarchy_sequence | 0000 0000 0000 |
| hierarchy_top_id | zotero-coll-WX87PJHD zotero-coll-WX87PJHD zotero-coll-WX87PJHD |
| hierarchy_top_title | News News News |
| hierarchytype | Default |
| id | zotero-P7IQCTQB |
| institution | zotero_group |
| last_indexed | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| latest_content_date | 2026-09-24T07:28:05Z |
| publishDate | 1766-03-25 |
| publishDateRange | 1766 |
| publishDateSort | 1766 |
| record_format | zotero |
| spelling | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila This abstract describes a bilingual Qing dynasty customs document comprising two distinct administrative notices issued by the Yuehai Customs House in Guangdong Province. The first is a vessel departure permit dated to the thirty-first year of the Qianlong reign (1766), authorising the Western ship under the command of foreign merchant João de Gama (transliterated as Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān) to sail from Yuehai to Luzon, having paid all requisite duties; it records crew size (49), provisions (22 *dàn* 5 *shēng* rice), armament (6 muskets, 12 small cannons), and the presence of one enslaved boy (*mài zǐ*) classified as taxable human cargo. The second notice, dated to the second lunar month of the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign (1905), is an official proclamation signed by Supervisor Chen Zi, reiterating strict compliance with customs duty regulations for all imported and exported goods under imperial mandate. Both texts bear multiple red and black seals—including *Yuèhǎi Guān*, *Qīng*, and *Ji Ri*—and marginalia referencing authority from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The document serves as primary evidence of Qing maritime administration, cross-border trade regulation, colonial-era commercial practices, and the institutional recording of coerced labour within official customs frameworks. Manuscripts Portugal. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo PT/TT/DCHN/1/1/000020 1766-03-25 Guangdong–Luzon trade route João de Gama Qianlong Reign vessel permit Qing Dynasty Customs Administration Qing maritime regulation Sino-Portuguese commerce Yuehai Customs House bilingual administrative document crew and provisions documentation foreign merchant compliance imperial taxation {{PAGE:1}} [Page] Y.966 + 20 358 [Stamp — top center] [Red rectangular seal with illegible characters, partially overlapping header] [Title] 粵海關船開墜牌 [Marginalia — left] 道照 [Main text] 欽命督理粵海關稅務內務府郎中 方為 告事照得西洋船隻既經交抽稅鈞或因風水不順飄至他省原非定性貿易查有夫抽印票即便放 行不得重徵先經會同定議其題在案今據洋船商若望家打惹安載貨物前往呂宋貿 易所有夫抽稅鈞已經照例完納合行給單驗為此牌給本船商收執如遇關津要隘汛防處 所驗即放行不得重徵稅鈞留難滯其隨帶防船火砲器械按照舊例填註牌內毋許多需并 夾帶違禁物件致究未便須牌 番梢肆拾玖名 食米貳拾貳担伍升 賣子 鳥鎗陸杆 小砲拾貳門 [Heading — left column] 乾隆叁拾壹年貳月 日 [Signature — left column] 右牌給夷商若望家打惹安收執 [Stamp — left column, below date] [Red square seal: 粵海關] [Stamp — left column, vertical] [Red ink character: 清] [Stamp — right column, near bottom] [Black circular seal, illegible] {{PAGE:2}} [Stamp — top center] [Red ink seal, partially visible: text illegible] [Heading] 粵海關 [Main text] 大清國廣東省粵海關 奉憲示 光緒叁拾壹年貳月 本關奉憲示：凡在粵海關內各商號，其貨物進出口，均須照章納稅，不得稍有違越。如有不遵，定行嚴懲。 特此布告。 [Signature] 粵海關監督 陳子 小官員門 [Marginalia — left] [Vertical column of characters, partially obscured by fold and red stamp] 命時里粵海關部錄內務部頒中大 [Marginalia — right] [Vertical column of characters, partially obscured] 粵海關 照 [Stamp — right side, vertical] [Red ink stamp, large characters, partially smudged: 吉日] [Archival mark — top left corner] 825 [Page] [Illegible number or mark near top left edge] {{PAGE:1}} [Page] Y.966 + 20 358 [Stamp — top centre] [Red rectangular seal bearing illegible characters, partially overlapping the header] [Title] Yuehai Customs Permit for Departure of Vessels [Marginalia — left margin] *Daozhao* [‘Order issued by the Circuit Intendant’ — a standard administrative rubric denoting official authority] [Main text] By imperial commission, the Director of the Yuehai Customs Revenue Administration and Assistant Director (Langzhong) of the Imperial Household Department, Fang — hereby issues this official notice: It is acknowledged that Western vessels, having duly paid customs duties at this port, may—owing to adverse winds or unfavourable maritime conditions—be driven off course into other provinces; such deviation does not constitute intentional interprovincial trade. Provided such vessels possess valid stamped duty receipts (*fu chou yin piao*), they shall be permitted immediate passage without further assessment of duties. This principle was previously agreed upon jointly by the relevant authorities and formally recorded in official memorials submitted to the throne. Now, it has been reported that the Western vessel commanded by the foreign merchant João de Gama (‘João Gama’, transliterated here as *Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān*) is bound for Luzon (the Spanish Philippines) with a cargo for commercial purposes. All requisite customs duties have been duly paid in accordance with established regulations. Accordingly, this official permit is hereby issued for verification and presentation. This document shall be retained by the said merchant for presentation at customs checkpoints, frontier posts, riverine garrisons (*xùn fáng*), and other strategic locations. Officials encountering this permit shall grant immediate passage and must neither re-impose duties nor impose unnecessary delays or impediments. The vessel’s armament—comprising defensive ordnance and firearms—is to be recorded herein in accordance with longstanding precedent. No additional demands shall be made thereupon; nor shall any contraband goods be clandestinely carried aboard, lest legal liability ensue. Crew complement: 49 persons Rice provisions: 22 *dàn* 5 *shēng* (c. 1,325 kg, assuming Qing standard measure of 1 *dàn* = 60 kg) Slaves: 1 male child (*mài zǐ*, lit. ‘purchased son’ — a term denoting an enslaved boy, recorded in official Qing customs documentation as a taxable commodity under the category of ‘human cargo’) Muskets (*niǎo qiāng*): 6 pieces Small cannons (*xiǎo pào*): 12 pieces [Heading — left column] Thirty-first year of the Qianlong reign (1766), second lunar month [Date left blank] [Signature — left column] This permit is issued to the foreign merchant João de Gama (Ruòwàng Jiā Dǎ Rě’ān) for his personal custody and presentation. [Stamp — left column, beneath date] [Red square seal: *Yuèhǎi Guān* — ‘Yuehai Customs’] [Stamp — left column, vertical orientation] [Red ink character: *Qīng* — ‘Qing Dynasty’] [Stamp — right column, near bottom] [Black circular seal bearing illegible characters] {{PAGE:2}} — STAMP — top centre [Red ink seal, partially legible] — HEADING Yuehai Customs House — MAIN TEXT Yuehai Customs House, Guangdong Province, Qing Empire By Imperial Mandate Second month of the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign (1905) This Customs House, acting under imperial mandate, hereby notifies all commercial firms operating within the jurisdiction of Yuehai Customs that all goods imported into or exported from this port must be dutied in strict accordance with established regulations; no deviation whatsoever is permitted. Any contravention will be met with rigorous disciplinary measures. Issued hereby as official notice. — SIGNATURE Supervisor of Yuehai |
| spellingShingle | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila Guangdong–Luzon trade route João de Gama Qianlong Reign vessel permit Qing Dynasty Customs Administration Qing maritime regulation Sino-Portuguese commerce Yuehai Customs House bilingual administrative document crew and provisions documentation foreign merchant compliance imperial taxation |
| title | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila |
| title_autocomplete | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila |
| title_full | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila |
| title_fullStr | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila |
| title_full_unstemmed | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila |
| title_short | Licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de Cantão, Fang, ao armador e mercador João Botelho, para tratar de comércio entre Macau e Manila |
| title_sort | licença de navegação do mandarim da alfândega de cantão, fang, ao armador e mercador joão botelho, para tratar de comércio entre macau e manila |
| topic | Guangdong–Luzon trade route João de Gama Qianlong Reign vessel permit Qing Dynasty Customs Administration Qing maritime regulation Sino-Portuguese commerce Yuehai Customs House bilingual administrative document crew and provisions documentation foreign merchant compliance imperial taxation |
| topic_autocomplete | Guangdong–Luzon trade route João de Gama Qianlong Reign vessel permit Qing Dynasty Customs Administration Qing maritime regulation Sino-Portuguese commerce Yuehai Customs House bilingual administrative document crew and provisions documentation foreign merchant compliance imperial taxation |
| topic_facet | Guangdong–Luzon trade route João de Gama Qianlong Reign vessel permit Qing Dynasty Customs Administration Qing maritime regulation Sino-Portuguese commerce Yuehai Customs House bilingual administrative document crew and provisions documentation foreign merchant compliance imperial taxation |
| url | https://macau-legacy.usj.edu.mo/docs/P7IQCTQB/viewer_P7IQCTQB.html |
| zotero_collection_key | 6E6PR22G HDYWE267 PAAL2UHW |