Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720)
Leanqua and Anqua were prominent merchants in China who were unknowingly two of the founding fathers of what later became known as the Canton System 'yikou tongshang' (一口通商). The Qing government opened China to foreign trade in 1684, but it took several decades of experimenting with different polici...
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| Published in: | Review of Culture |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Articles |
| Published: |
Instituto Cultural de Macau
2023
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/40071/4203 |
| _version_ | 1877196269483458560 |
|---|---|
| author | Paul A. Van Dyke |
| author_autocomplete | Paul A. Van Dyke |
| author_browse | Paul A. Van Dyke |
| author_facet | Paul A. Van Dyke Paul A. Van Dyke |
| author_sort | Paul A. Van Dyke |
| container_title | Review of Culture |
| container_title_str | Review of Culture |
| container_volume | 71 |
| container_volume_str | 71 |
| description | Leanqua and Anqua were prominent merchants in China who were unknowingly two of the founding fathers of what later became known as the Canton System 'yikou tongshang' (一口通商). The Qing government opened China to foreign trade in 1684, but it took several decades of experimenting with different policies before a common set of regulations emerged. The two partners operated in the period from 1685 to 1720, so they experienced at first hand all of the difficulties during these early years of the development. They were involved in both the Chinese junk trade to Southeast Asia and the foreign trade at Canton. They had very extensive connections with suppliers in China's interior and they regularly dealt with prominent merchants throughout Southeast Asia, including Java, Malaysia, and Siam. They also developed close relations with officers of the Dutch, English, and French East India companies. |
| first_indexed | 2026-09-11T02:57:02Z |
| format | Articles |
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| hierarchy_parent_id | zotero-coll-76L3BRGH |
| hierarchy_parent_title | Review of Culture |
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| hierarchy_top_title | News |
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| issn | 1682-1106 |
| last_indexed | 2026-09-11T02:57:02Z |
| latest_content_date | 2026-09-11T02:57:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publishPlace | Macau |
| publisher | Instituto Cultural de Macau |
| publisherStr | Instituto Cultural de Macau |
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| spelling | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) Leanqua and Anqua were prominent merchants in China who were unknowingly two of the founding fathers of what later became known as the Canton System 'yikou tongshang' (一口通商). The Qing government opened China to foreign trade in 1684, but it took several decades of experimenting with different policies before a common set of regulations emerged. The two partners operated in the period from 1685 to 1720, so they experienced at first hand all of the difficulties during these early years of the development. They were involved in both the Chinese junk trade to Southeast Asia and the foreign trade at Canton. They had very extensive connections with suppliers in China's interior and they regularly dealt with prominent merchants throughout Southeast Asia, including Java, Malaysia, and Siam. They also developed close relations with officers of the Dutch, English, and French East India companies. Instituto Cultural de Macau Macau Review of Culture Articles 2023 Anqua Canton System China trade Hong merchant Leanqua Paul A. Van Dyke |
| spellingShingle | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) Paul A. Van Dyke Anqua Canton System China trade Hong merchant Leanqua |
| title | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) |
| title_autocomplete | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) |
| title_full | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) |
| title_fullStr | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) |
| title_short | Leanqua and Anqua —The Founding of the Canton System (1685–1720) |
| title_sort | leanqua and anqua —the founding of the canton system (1685–1720) |
| topic | Anqua Canton System China trade Hong merchant Leanqua |
| topic_autocomplete | Anqua Canton System China trade Hong merchant Leanqua |
| topic_facet | Anqua Canton System China trade Hong merchant Leanqua |
| url | https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/40071/4203 |
| zotero_collection_key | 76L3BRGH |